1. – 15. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere

uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.

1. Many cell phones now have the same ---- as

personal computers.

A) functionality B) ambition

C) care D) worry

E) attentiveness

2. During the 1970s, the West African state of

Niger’s economy flourished from uranium

production, but when uranium prices fell in the

1980s, its ---- period of prosperity ended.

A) unpredictable B) various

C) brief D) excessive

E) successive

3. ---- poor after World War II, Crete is now thriving

from tourism.

A) Necessarily B) Adequately

C) Accurately D) Tentatively

E) Desperately

4. Cities in China are growing fast as millions of

people ---- to urban areas.

A) gather B) migrate C) occupy

D) issue E) increase

5. Located in Central Europe, Germany is ---- of the

North German Plain, the Central German Uplands,

and the Southern German Highlands.

A) spread out B) brought together

C) held out D) made up

E) taken down

6. Recent excavations in Algeria ---- that Homo

erectus ---- there between 500,000 and 750,000

years ago.

A) have indicated / resided

B) had indicated / has resided

C) indicated / would reside

D) could have indicated / had been residing

E) indicate / had resided

7. German Chancellor Merkel is under pressure

from power companies, which ---- to invest in new

power generation projects unless they ---- exempt

from tough emission requirements.

A) refused / have been

B) refuse / are

C) have refused / had been

D) had refused / will be

E) were refusing / are to be

8. Although she ---- properly yet, the recipient of the

world’s first face transplant ---- well, according to

the first scientific report of the operation.

A) hadn’t smiled / would have done

B) didn’t smile / will do

C) doesn’t smile / may have done

D) couldn’t have smiled / does

E) can’t smile / is doing

9. To protect whales and dolphins ---- the coast of

Hawaii, a court in California has temporarily

banned the US navy from using powerful sonar

equipment ---- a military exercise in the area.

A) at / over B) in / on

C) before / through D) off / during

E) within / with

10. As it had in World War I, Argentina proclaimed

neutrality ---- the outbreak of World War II, but in

the closing phase it declared war ---- the Axis

powers.

A) over / after B) for / with

C) at / on D) about / through

E) from / above

11. During the wars ---- followed the French

Revolution, Belgium was occupied by France and

later annexed.

A) whether B) who C) when

D) that E) as

12. The private sector in the Gulf states employs

mostly expatriate workers, ---- the majority of

nationals are employed in the public sector with

higher wages and job protection.

A) so that B) just as C) while

D) unless E) in case

13. A series of gas discoveries in recent years in the

Western Desert of Egypt means that a range of

new export projects must be developed ---- the

country is to make full use of its new reserves.

A) lest B) although C) after

D) as if E) if

14. Hundreds of deep fjords that cut into the

coastline give Norway an overall oceanfront of ----

12,000 miles.

A) more than B) just as

C) the same as D) so far as

E) as well as

15. Made out of metal so that it conducts the charge,

the lightning rod is usually located ---- high ----

possible because of lightning’s tendency to strike

the nearest object to it.

A) so / as B) as / as

C) more / than D) both / and

E) not only / but also

16. – 20. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralanmış

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da

ifadeyi bulunuz.

Ever since Lord Curzon, a member of Britain’s World

War I cabinet, (16)---- that the Allies “had floated to

victory on a sea of oil,” major industrialized powers

have sought oil security. For instance, an imperialist

surge by Japan to secure oil supplies in East Asia

resulted (17)---- the fateful attack on Pearl Harbour.

The desire to control Middle East oil pushed the

Soviet Union into Afghanistan, and led to Saddam

Hussein’s (18)---- of Kuwait. And in his 1980 State of

the Union speech, US President Jimmy Carter made

clear America’s own oil-security policy (19)---- he

described what would become known as the Carter

Doctrine: “Any attempt by an outside force to gain

control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as

an assault on the (20)---- interests of the United

States of America.”

16.

A) declares B) declared

C) has declared D) would have declared

E) would declare

17.

A) in B) within C) on

D) below E) of

18.

A) purchase B) exclusion C) invasion

D) negotiation E) illusion

19.

A) in case B) although C) even if

D) when E) so far as

20.

A) tedious B) irrelevant C) redundant

D) vague E) vital

21. – 25. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralanmış

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da

ifadeyi bulunuz.

Saturn and its 47 diverse moons have been (21)----

the close watch of the Cassini probe since 2004. The

probe’s main (22)---- in its planned 74 orbits is to

gather detailed images of the second largest planet in

our solar system, its icy moons and spectacular rings,

(23)---- span (24)---- 272,000 kilometres. So far, the

probe (25)---- some of the best images we have of

Saturn, and provided astronomers with a wealth of

new data.

21.

A) under B) in C) with

D) through E) over

22.

A) stage B) objection

C) assumption D) controversy

E) aim

23.

A) whatever B) where C) who

D) which E) whereas

24.

A) completely B) almost C) largely

D) adversely E) slightly

25.

A) is capturing B) captures

C) has captured D) had captured

E) will capture

26. – 35. sorularda, verilen cümleyi uygun

şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.

26. If the cost of health benefits for working people in

a country rises, ----.

A) soaring health costs are one of the big factors

that have crippled the economy

B) usually employers cut wages or pass on the

costs as higher prices to customers

C) firms should, in fact, be indifferent to whether

they pay employees cash wages or benefits

D) those costs have nearly doubled this decade

alone in many industrialized countries

E) the current economic difficulties have forced

politicians to focus on health reform

27. ---- that bats use ultrasonic beams to follow

insects through the dark.

A) A group of students are experimenting

B) Scientists had wondered

C) A great deal of evidence needs to be gathered

D) It’s long been known

E) Over the years, no scientist has questioned

28. ----, while just 1.7 tonnes of corn yields the same

result.

A) A team of scientists has claimed that the

traditional methods of production in plastics are

extremely costly and have an adverse impact on

the environment

B) It has been announced that a company in China,

sponsored by the government, is planning to

harvest plastics from crops of corn

C) Eight tonnes of crude oil are currently needed to

create one tonne of polyol, which is an alcoholic

substance used in a number of plastics

D) Scientists are now using a new type of

microscope that lets them view internal

structures of materials in greater detail than ever

before

E) The device the company’s scientists use utilizes

X-ray analysis technology and reveals chemical

compositions of objects being studied

29. ----, but it failed to halt the rise of Adolf Hitler and

the Nazi war machine.

A) During World War II, France was split into a

German-occupied north and an unoccupied

south

B) Following World War II, France turned its

attention to its African colonies, where there was

a growing demand from the natives for

independence

C) After a series of extremely savage battles, Allied

armies liberated France in August 1944 from the

German occupation

D) In May 1940, the Germans marched into an

undefended Paris, and in the following month the

French government signed an armistice

E) Beginning in 1919, French foreign policy aimed

at keeping Germany weak through a system of

alliances

30. Although there were plenty of sceptics when

Mauritius tried a decade ago to become an

offshore financial centre, ----.

A) it has partly attained its goal, since it now hosts

19 national and international banks

B) it has built a textile industry that has made the

country relatively prosperous

C) last month it brought in a new labour law, making

it easier to hire and fire

D) it imports most of its food and energy as rising

world prices are pushing up inflation

E) much of the economy remains concentrated in

the hands of a few local magnates

31. In his opinion, poetry is essentially an effort to

elude facts, ----.

A) since he had been regarded as a promising

young poet

B) whereas prose is essentially a means of

unearthing and exhibiting them

C) but his poems have been published in

respectable literary journals

D) because many critics share the view that poets

should be concerned with politics

E) if many prose writers enjoy writing about social

and cultural issues

32. Missions to the Moon’s previously unvisited

mountains and polar regions will aid the search

for water, ----.

A) since the first crewed mission will be planned for

the far side of the Moon

B) whereby test landings are scheduled to begin in

2010

C) which is vital to any future lunar base to be set

up by NASA

D) even if the mission aims to land astronauts on

the surface of the Moon by 2015

E) even though dense clouds of interstellar dust

conceal the heart of our galaxy

33. New radiocarbon dating of fossils suggests ----.

A) that mass extinctions of mammoths and wild

horses 10,000 years ago were caused by natural

climate shifts

B) whether humans were to blame for extensive

destruction in the natural world and also for the

pollution of the oceans

C) how scientists began to understand clearly what

dinosaurs ate and why they disappeared from

the face of the Earth

D) if an olive branch buried for thousands of years

in volcanic ash could have revealed the fate of

the great Minoan civilization on the Greek island

of Thera

E) when it was scientifically established that

dinosaurs belonged to a large group of reptiles

called archosauria

34. ----, it would be regarded as a disaster at home

and abroad.

A) Since power generation in China fell by 7% last

year

B) As India had enjoyed a big economic advantage

over China

C) Because unrest and even insurgency are

widespread in many countries

D) If China’s growth rate were to fall to 5% or less

E) While India is considered to be a major

economic power

35. In the early years of the global warming debate,

there was great controversy over ----.

A) while China has been blamed for the climate

crisis today

B) although scientists have concluded that this

warming is dangerous

C) since the details of future forecasts about

warming remain unclear

D) that warming would be a significant problem in

the decades ahead

E) whether the planet was indeed warming

36. – 40. sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümleye

anlamca en yakın Türkçe cümleyi bulunuz.

36. Despite the rapid industrialization of countries

such as China and India, climate change is

neither any one country’s fault nor any one

country’s responsibility.

A) Çin ve Hindistan’ın hızlı sanayileşmesi nedeniyle

oluşan iklim değişikliği, kesinlikle başka bir ülkenin

suçu veya sorumluluğu değildir.

B) Çin ve Hindistan gibi ülkelerin hızlı sanayileşmelerine

rağmen, iklim değişikliği, ne herhangi tek

bir ülkenin hatasıdır, ne de herhangi tek bir ülkenin

sorumluluğudur.

C) Çin ve Hindistan dahil, pek çok ülkenin hızla sanayileşmesi

sonucu ortaya çıkan iklim değişikliği,

herhangi bir ülkenin suçu olmadığı gibi, sorumluluğu

da değildir.

D) Tek bir ülkenin suçu veya sorumluluğu olmayan

iklim değişikliği, Çin ve Hindistan dahil, pek çok

ülkenin hızla sanayileşmesi sonucunda ortaya

çıkmıştır.

E) Çin ve Hindistan’ın yanı sıra, çeşitli ülkelerin

hızla sanayileşmesi, iklim değişikliğine yol açmış

olup, tek bir ülke suçlu veya sorumlu değildir.

37. America’s conventional military superiority has

pushed its enemies inevitably towards

insurgency to achieve their objectives.

A) Amerika’nın klasik askerî üstünlüğü, düşmanlarını,

amaçlarını gerçekleştirmek için, kaçınılmaz

olarak ayaklanmaya itmiştir.

B) Klasik askerî gücü nedeniyle, Amerika’nın düşmanları,

hedeflerine ulaşabilmek için, hiç çekinmeden

ayaklanma yolunu seçmişlerdir.

C) Amerika’nın klasik askerî gücünü bilen düşmanları,

amaçlarında başarılı olmak için, ister istemez

ayaklanma yoluna gitmişlerdir.

D) Amerika’nın klasik askerî üstünlüğünün sonucu

olarak, düşmanları, ayaklanma yoluna giderek,

amaçlarına ulaşmayı benimsemişlerdir.

E) Amerika’nın klasik askerî gücünden çekinen

düşmanları, ancak ayaklanma yoluyla hedeflerine

ulaşabileceklerini fark etmişlerdir.

38. Deprived of the moderating effects of the oceans,

much of Central Asia experiences bitterly cold

winters and boiling hot summers.

A) Orta Asya çoğunlukla okyanusların yumuşatıcı

etkilerinden uzak olduğu için, burada kışlar çok

soğuk ve yazlar oldukça sıcak olur.

B) Orta Asya, okyanusların yumuşatıcı etkilerinden

uzak olduğu için, pek çok bölgede kışlar oldukça

sert ve yazlar da son derece sıcak geçer.

C) Orta Asya’nın pek çok bölgesinde kışların çok

sert ve yazların çok sıcak geçmesi, okyanusların

yumuşatıcı etkilerinin burada bulunmamasındandır.

D) Okyanusların yumuşatıcı etkilerinden yoksun

olan Orta Asya’nın büyük bölümü, çok sert soğuk

kışlar ve son derece sıcak yazlar yaşar.

E) Orta Asya, okyanusların yumuşatıcı etkilerinden

tamamiyle yoksundur ve dolayısıyla bu bölgede

kışlar olabildiğince soğuk, yazlar ise dayanılmaz

derecede sıcak geçer.

39. There are still places in the world where one can

go to dive and see very little indication of human

impact.

A) Hâlâ dünyanın pek çok yerinde dalış yapılabilir

ve insan etkisinin çok az belirtisi görülebilir.

B) Dünyada hâlâ öyle yerler vardır ki dalış yapmak

için buralara gidilebilir ve buralarda insan etkisinin

çok az belirtisi görülebilir.

C) Dalış yapmak için gidilebilecek ve insan etkisinin

çok az görülebileceği yerleri dünyada hâlâ bulmak

mümkündür.

D) Dünyada, insan etkisinin çok az olduğu ve dalış

yapmak için gidilebilecek hâlâ pek çok yer bulunmaktadır.

E) Dünyada, dalış yapmak için gidilebilecek ve insan

etkisinin çok az belirtisi görülebilecek yerler

hâlâ mevcuttur.

40. The Democratic Republic of Congo’s government

set up a special commission last week to review

at least 60 mining contracts signed in the last ten

years.

A) Son on yıl içinde imzalanmış olan 60 kadar madencilik

sözleşmesi, Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti

hükûmetinin geçen hafta oluşturmuş olduğu

özel bir komisyonca incelenecektir.

B) Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti hükûmetince geçen

hafta kurulan özel komisyon, öncelikle son

on yıl içinde imzalanmış olan 60 kadar madencilik

sözleşmesini inceleyecektir.

C) Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti hükûmeti, son on

yılda imzalanmış olan en az 60 madencilik sözleşmesini

gözden geçirmek için, geçen hafta özel

bir komisyon kurmuştur.

D) Son on yılda imzalanmış olan yaklaşık 60 madencilik

sözleşmesinin gözden geçirilmesi amacıyla,

Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti hükûmeti,

özel bir komisyonu geçen hafta oluşturmuştur.

E) Geçen hafta Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti hükûmetince

kurulan özel komisyonun amacı, son

on yılda imzalanmış bulunan 60 kadar madencilik

sözleşmesini değerlendirmektir.

41. – 45. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümleye

anlamca en yakın İngilizce cümleyi bulunuz.

41. Tüm AB devletleri, Ekonomi ve Para Birliği’nin

parçası olmalarına rağmen, AB ülkelerinin tümü,

Avro bölgesinin parçası değildir.

A) Since the Economic and Monetary Union

consists of all the EU states, the inclusion in the

euro area of every EU country is not out of place.

B) Although all EU states are part of the Economic

and Monetary Union, not all EU countries are

part of the euro area.

C) Even if EU states all make up the Economic and

Monetary Union, the euro area does not include

every EU country.

D) Even though every EU country is not included in

the euro area, the Economic and Monetary

Union is made up of all the EU states.

E) It is unlikely that every EU country, which is part

of the Economic and Monetary Union, will also

be part of the EU area.

42. Çoğu bilim insanı, yıllarca, gezegenimizdeki ekolojik

sistemlerin dengesinin gerçekten ne denli

hassas olduğunun önemini kavramamıştır.

A) For years, most scientists have underestimated

just how delicate the balance of the ecological

systems on our planet really is.

B) The question as to whether the ecological

systems on our planet have a delicate balance

has in fact been overlooked for years by many

scientists.

C) The ecological systems on our planet are so

delicate that, for years, most scientists have not

really taken them into account.

D) Our planet’s ecological systems, which are really

extremely delicate, have been neglected for

years by various scientists.

E) Many scientists have failed for years to

understand that our planet’s ecological systems

are indeed very delicate.

43. Mevcut küresel kriz nedeniyle uluslararası ticaretin

çökmesi, kalkınma iktisatçılarını, ticareti, bir

büyüme motoru olarak görme konusunda kuşkulandırmıştır.

A) The fact that trade is an engine of growth has

been dismissed by development economists,

since the current global crisis has caused the

collapse of international trade.

B) The current global crisis has undermined

international trade, and this has led development

economists to scepticism about trade as a

means of growth.

C) In view of the current global crisis and its

adverse impact on international trade, many

development economists have come to

disregard trade as an engine of growth.

D) Due to the current global crisis and the decline of

international trade, development economists

doubt whether trade can be regarded as an

effective means of growth.

E) The collapse of international trade due to the

current global crisis has made development

economists sceptical about regarding trade as

an engine of growth.

44. Her yabancı yazarın Çin’e bakış açısı, içinde büyüdüğü

ülke ile biçimlenir.

A) For a foreign writer, in order to have an opinion

of China, he should first know his own country

where he has grown up.

B) A foreign writer’s attitude towards the Chinese is

essentially inspired by the country in which he

has grown up.

C) How a foreign writer understands China depends

a great deal on the country he originally comes

from.

D) Every foreign writer’s perspective on China is

shaped by the country, in which he grew up.

E) Before a foreign writer can understand China, he

ought to focus in the first place on his own

country in which he was born.

45. OPEC’in ikinci en büyük petrol ihracatçısı olarak,

İran, halkının artan enerji gereksinimlerini karşılamak

amacıyla, sadece nükleer yakıt elde etmek

için uranyumu zenginleştirmek istediğini iddia etmektedir.

A) Although Iran is the second largest oil exporting

country in OPEC, it still continues to enrich

uranium for the production of nuclear fuel and,

thus, solve the rising energy crisis faced by its

people.

B) Iran, which is OPEC’s second largest oil

exporter, is resolved to enrich uranium and, thus,

make nuclear fuel so that the desperate energy

needs of its people can be met.

C) As OPEC’s second largest oil exporter, Iran

claims that it wants to enrich uranium only to

make nuclear fuel to meet the growing energy

needs of its people.

D) By enriching uranium, Iran, the second largest oil

exporting OPEC member, intends to produce

nuclear fuel in order to meet its people’s

increasing energy needs.

E) Still OPEC’s second largest oil exporter, Iran

claims that it wishes to produce nuclear fuel by

enriching uranium for the growing energy needs

of its people.

46. – 51. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada

anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek

cümleyi bulunuz.

46. The Africans who go abroad to work usually send

money back home to pay for their relatives’

medical care, education, and housing. Today,

most African countries get the largest part of

their foreign exchange earnings from such

remittances. ---- Without this subsidy, Africa’s

dictators would have to face the political

consequences of an angry population.

A) In Africa, foreign aid goes mostly to those

governments that have mismanaged their

economies.

B) There are over three million Nigerians in the US

and another one million in Britain.

C) From a quarter to almost 50% of universityeducated

graduates from Ghana, Uganda, and

Kenya leave their countries to work in the West.

D) Ironically, African citizens abroad subsidize state

corruption.

E) About three million middle-class Zimbabweans

have migrated to South Africa since 1999.

47. The United States and its allies cannot remain in

Afghanistan indefinitely. For them, building a

capable Afghan security force and a credible

Afghan government is the fastest and most

responsible exit strategy. ---- On the other hand, a

security force can only be as good as its

government, and the Afghan government has

been crippled by corruption. However, national

elections scheduled for this year provide an

incentive for the Afghan government to continue

to improve.

A) Afghans’ greatest concerns are access to

electricity, jobs, water, and education.

B) Indeed, more US troops are absolutely

necessary to defeat the insurgents in

Afghanistan.

C) It is a clear fact that Pakistan is connected to the

Afghan insurgency.

D) The Pakistani army remains primarily focused on

the perceived threat from India.

E) However, US efforts so far to reach a decision

for a complete withdrawal have been mixed.

48. After more than 30 years without building a

nuclear plant, US power companies are seeking

licences for over 30 new reactors. In addition,

more than 300 reactors have been proposed

worldwide. Countries such as Egypt, Nigeria,

Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela have serious plans

to build their first nuclear plant. ----

A) In other parts of the world, some 40 reactors are

already under construction, though many have

been underway for decades with no end in sight.

B) Annual emissions of greenhouse gases are

expected to double by 2050, from a current 7

billion tonnes of carbon dioxide each year to

more than 14 billion tonnes.

C) According to a recent report, nuclear power is a

major solution to the West’s growing electricity

needs, and increased nuclear use can

substantially lower greenhouse gas emissions.

D) On the contrary, a country’s use of nuclear

power has much to do with government

intervention, whether through state loans or

streamlined regulations.

E) Therefore, global electricity demand is estimated

to nearly double by 2030, with nuclear power

currently accounting for about 15 per cent of

global use.

49. For decades, China has been content to let the

invisible hand of the market work its magic on the

country’s economy. But there’s one area where

the government wants to reassert state control:

healthcare. ---- Today, nearly 40 per cent of the

population can’t afford to see a doctor. The

average hospital stay for a Chinese citizen costs

nearly as much as an individual’s annual per

capita income in the country. Healthcare

grievances have been at the heart of thousands

of organized protests countrywide in recent

years.

A) Some hospitals have had to hire security

personnel to protect medical staff from angry

mobs.

B) By comparison, Japanese pay just 15 per cent of

their medical spending out of pocket.

C) So the government has recently developed a

strategy to provide affordable medical insurance

to 90 per cent of its population by 2010.

D) In fact, the free market reforms in China were

first initiated in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

E) The Chinese government has already met many

of its economic goals and is now beginning to

address scientific and technological

development.

50. The African Union is well aware that, although

Africa has enormous agricultural potential, it still

remains a major food importer. The majority of

Africans live in rural areas and depend on

agriculture for their livelihood; but the

performance of the agricultural sector has been

dismal. In addition to internal and structural

problems that each African country faces,

external setbacks such as climate change and

global economic instability have made the

conditions worse for growth and development in

all sectors, including agriculture. ----

A) The vision of the African Union is to achieve an

integrated, prosperous, well-governed, and

peaceful United States of Africa.

B) These are some of the most serious issues that

the African Union is determined to address as

efficiently as possible.

C) Africa seeks to promote existing and agreedupon

shared values across the continent at

individual, national, regional, and international

levels.

D) All the African countries wish to eliminate

ongoing conflicts and prevent the occurrence of

new ones in order to achieve development and

integration.

E) Some of the values cherished and upheld by

each African nation are good governance,

democracy, respect for human rights,

accountability, and transparency.

51. Turkey offers much for the naturalist, with rich

marine ecosystems, abundant birdlife, and

elusive larger mammals. Especially the rugged

eastern provinces and also the regions with thick

forests harbour a large variety of these mammals.

---- The tulip is perhaps the most famous of these.

The great diversity of plants stems not only from

the variety of habitats, which include arid plains

as well as mountains and temperate woodlands,

but also from Turkey’s position as a “biological

watershed” at the crossroads of Europe and Asia.

A) There are huge tracts of unspoiled countryside,

some of which have been set aside as national

parks.

B) Unfortunately, Turkish wetlands are under threat

from dams, drainage, pollution, and climatic

change.

C) The country’s position on the migratory flyways

makes it a paradise for birdwatchers.

D) The country is also floristically rich, with more

than 11,000 plant species recorded.

E) In winter, the country’s lakes and wetlands hold

thousands of wintering wildfowl.

52. – 57. sorularda, verilen durumda söylenmiş

olabilecek sözü bulunuz.

52. A colleague of yours seems worried that the

paper he is going to present at an international

conference contains a great deal of radical

argument and that it may provoke the

participants into strong objections and protests

against his views. So you wish to lend your

support for his views and encourage him to

speak out confidently. You say:

A) I suggest you get rid of all these provocative

ideas, since many people at the conference will

oppose you vehemently and try to silence you.

B) Your views may be provocative and, therefore,

displease others, but I know they are sound. So

don’t be discouraged.

C) It is incomprehensible to me why you should

always attempt to provoke other people and, in a

way, subvert the conference.

D) Everybody knows that you are a radical and

always cause trouble at international academic

gatherings. So I advise you to be careful.

E) This conference you are going to attend is not

the right occasion for you to express your

provocative views. I would advise you not to get

involved in a row.

53. As a literary critic, you are asked to express

briefly your opinion of a novel recently published.

You have read the novel and noticed some

structural and stylistic defects in it. So you say:

A) I am fully convinced that, like me, other critics

will be much impressed by the novel as it deals

with serious issues.

B) In my opinion, it will take a long time before the

novel really draws the attention of the reading

public.

C) With regard to the novel, I should stress in the

first place that the author’s portrayal of the

characters is very disappointing indeed.

D) Although the author of the novel has a great deal

of capacity for creativity, he is so much under the

influence of other novelists that he lacks

originality.

E) As far as I am concerned, it is not a very

successful novel, as it lacks clarity and has

certain plot problems.

54. As the chairman of a committee, you must call

the members to an unscheduled but urgent

meeting. So you phone them each and, with your

apologies, inform them about the meeting. You

say:

A) I am wondering whether all the committee

members will be available to attend a meeting

later today.

B) This is your chairman calling. We are going to

have a meeting, which I want you to attend

without any excuse.

C) As a committee, we have to come together

immediately. I am sorry about this, as it is

contrary to our usual practice.

D) Our committee needs to meet as soon as

possible. I am sure you have no objection

whatsoever.

E) I am asking you and the other members to come

to my office right away for a meeting. No one

must be absent.

55. You have been invited to give a talk on the

current global economic crisis. Yet you feel that,

following your talk, there will be questions which

may get you involved in a domestic political

debate. Since you don’t wish to be part of such a

debate, you decide to decline the invitation. So

you say:

A) I am afraid my talk on the current crisis in the

world economy may in the end turn into a

controversy over domestic politics, which is not

what I want. So you will have to excuse me from

giving the talk.

B) Before I can accept your invitation for a talk on

the world economy, you must assure me that

there will be no questions concerning domestic

politics.

C) I know out of experience that such issues as the

current economic crisis in the world are

extremely controversial, and I am absolutely sure

that questions will be asked about domestic

policies.

D) There is no doubt that the world economic crisis

has its adverse impact on domestic policies,

which I wouldn’t like to touch on in my talk.

E) I have decided mainly to focus in my talk on the

global effects of the current economic crisis, but I

am also prepared to answer questions

concerning domestic political issues.

56. You’ve lent a friend of yours one of the reference

books in your own personal library, which you

often use for your own research. Although he

promised you to return it soon, he hasn’t done

so, and you need the book urgently. You are

upset and say to him:

A) Should you need other books for reference, you

just let me know, and you needn’t worry about

returning the book soon, which I have already

lent you.

B) I hope the book I gave you has been most useful

for your research; you can give it back to me

when you don’t need it any longer.

C) Since you haven’t kept your word about the book

you borrowed from me, I am really angry; it is an

indispensable source for my research, and I

need it now.

D) Since my library has a number of reference

books, you can borrow them whenever you need

them, and you needn’t hurry to return the one

I’ve lent you.

E) You said you would return the reference book I

lent you. It is alright; I am using other sources for

my research.

57. You are lecturing on the Industrial Revolution and

the economic changes it brought about in

England in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

You conclude your lecture by saying:

A) So, to wrap up, the Industrial Revolution at the

end of the 18th century and thereafter altered not

only the foundations of the economy but also the

very assumptions with which people approached

economics.

B) Moreover, one can suggest that Britain in the

18th and 19th centuries had ample supplies of

coal and a well-developed network of canals, all

of which proved important for industrialization.

C) In fact, by the end of the 18th century and the

early 19th century, London had become the

leading centre for international trade and a

headquarters for the transfer of raw materials,

capital, and manufactured products throughout

the world.

D) Actually, the Industrial Revolution began with

dramatic technological leaps in a few industries

towards the end of the 18th century and the early

19th century, the first of which was cotton textiles.

E) Undoubtedly, at the end of the 18th century and

during the early decades of the 19th century,

expanding networks of trade and finance in

Britain created new markets for goods and new

sources of raw materials.

58. – 63. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okunduğunda

parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan

cümleyi bulunuz.

58. (I) Although about 1,400 seed banks exist worldwide,

Norway’s massive Svalbard Global Seed Vault

dwarfs them all and aims to safeguard duplicates of

the seeds. (II) Stored seeds are frequently lost

because of natural disasters, war, and warm

temperatures. (III) However, the United Nations

predicts that 70% of the world’s population will live in

urban areas by 2050. (IV) So, Svalbard was built to

withstand these challenges. (V) The facility is remote,

located 1,000 kilometres beyond mainland Norway’s

northernmost tip.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

59. (I) On 26 July 1956, Egypt seized the Suez Canal.

(II) Egypt’s president at the time, Colonel Gamal

Abdel Nasser, announced the nationalization of the

Suez Canal Company. (III) His main aim was to

provide funding for the construction of the Aswan

High Dam. (IV) Violence is endemic in the Middle

East even as the geopolitical landscape is changing

rapidly. (V) His unilateral decision led to the invasion

of the Canal area by a joint British and French force.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

60. (I) In 1991, the United States and the Soviet Union

signed a historic treaty reducing their stockpiles of

nuclear warheads by about a third. (II) The Obama

administration has not “lost its way” despite the

myriad problems left behind by the previous

administration. (III) The treaty, known as “START”

(The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty), was signed in

Moscow by US President George Bush and Soviet

leader Mikhail Gorbachev. (IV) At a joint news

conference after the signing ceremony, both Mr Bush

and Mr Gorbachev strongly and enthusiastically

praised the treaty. (V) Especially, Mr Bush described

it as “a significant step forward in dispelling half a

century of mistrust.”

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

61. (I) When we exercise, our body naturally produces

heat. (II) Exercising in extreme temperatures

therefore provides an added stress on our body to

cool down. (III) In fact, our body cools down by

redirecting the flow of blood to the skin, so the

evaporation of sweat can dissipate heat from the

blood. (IV) Unfortunately, individuals who take part in

outdoor activities such as tennis, golf, or running are

at greater risk of physical injury. (V) However, when

the climate is humid, sweat cannot evaporate from

the skin, and the body struggles to cool down.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

62. (I) Ancient Lycia lay in the mountainous area

between modern Fethiye and Antalya. (II) It wasn’t a

single country, but a federation of 19 independent

cities. (III) The people of Lycia must have regarded

burials as an important aspect of their religion, for

they cut hundreds of tombs into cliff faces and crags

that can be seen throughout the area today.

(IV) These tombs were probably copies of domestic

architecture, intended as houses for the dead.

(V) Not much is known about the early history of

Patara, although it was an influential member of the

Lycian League.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

63. (I) Sprawling across a vast plain at an altitude of

almost 2,000 metres and ringed by mountains,

Erzurum is one of Turkey’s coldest cities. (II) It is also

by far the most developed city in the region.

(III) Erzincan’s history has been marked by

earthquakes, notably those of 1939 and 1992.

(IV) Because it was located astride the main caravan

route from India to Europe and controlled the

passage between the Caucasus and Anatolia,

Erzurum was fought over and ruled by many peoples

from the Byzantines to the Ottomans. (V) Yet its most

famous sights date from Seljuk times.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V

64. – 69. sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca

en yakın olan cümleyi bulunuz.

64. At the end of World War II, Algerian nationalists

called on the Allies to recognize Algeria’s

independence in return for their good service

during the war.

A) When World War II ended, Algerian nationalists,

claiming that Algeria had made a useful

contribution during the war, appealed to the

Allies to acknowledge as right the independence

of their country.

B) As soon as World War II ended, the Allies were

approached by Algerian nationalists to grant

independence to Algeria, since they had

benefited from the resources of the country.

C) Algerian nationalists had served the Allies so

well during World War II that, as soon as the war

ended, they expected them to grant full

independence.

D) Following World War II, in which Algeria had

played a useful part, the Allies were required by

Algerian nationalists to grant independence to

their country.

E) Since Algeria had offered the Allies various

services during World War II, Algerian

nationalists were keen to secure with Allied

support the independence of their country.

65. The increasing wealth of late medieval Europe

transformed the social structure of European

society.

A) Europe in the Middle Ages accumulated much

wealth, and this was due to new developments in

European social life.

B) In the late Middle Ages, Europe became

increasingly rich, and this led to a structural

change in society.

C) The social changes witnessed in Europe towards

the end of the Middle Ages were wholly related

to contemporary economic prosperity.

D) European society in the late Middle Ages

underwent a process of change due to the rise of

wealthy classes.

E) It was at the close of the Middle Ages that

Europe experienced a major social and

economic transformation.

66. The eighteenth century witnessed the last phase

of Baroque music and had two of the greatest

composers of all time: Bach and Handel.

A) The eighteenth century was noted for its interest

in Baroque music, and at the time both Bach and

Handel were the most notable representatives of

this music.

B) It was in the eighteenth century that Baroque

music became most popular and that Bach and

Handel were recognized as the most famous

composers of the time.

C) Bach and Handel were so admired in the

eighteenth century that they were regarded as

the greatest composers of Baroque music.

D) Baroque music reached its final stage of

development in the eighteenth century, which

also produced Bach and Handel, regarded as

the greatest composers ever.

E) The development of Baroque music reached its

climax in the eighteenth century when, as the

greatest Baroque composers, Bach and Handel

created the best of their music.

67. The attack on the World Trade Center in 2001

gave the term “globalization” a new and

frightening meaning.

A) When the World Trade Center was attacked in

2001, the meaning of the term “globalization”

changed completely.

B) Because of the attack in 2001 on the World

Trade Center, the term “globalization” has

acquired a meaning which is both horrific and

unusual.

C) The usual meaning of the term “globalization”

was further broadened by the terrifying attack in

2001 on the World Trade Center.

D) The term “globalization” has lost its usual

meaning in the aftermath of the attack in 2001 on

the World Trade Center.

E) Following the attack in 2001 on the World Trade

Center, further meanings have been given to the

term “globalization.”

68. The city of Port Elizabeth lies in one of South

Africa’s poorest provinces, a region burdened

with 40 per cent unemployment.

A) The city of Port Elizabeth is situated in a

province in South Africa that is one of the

poorest, suffering from an unemployment rate of

40 per cent.

B) The province in which lies the city of Port

Elizabeth is completely underdeveloped due to a

40 per cent rate of unemployment.

C) The city of Port Elizabeth is so poor that the

province in which it is situated has an

unemployment rate of 40 per cent.

D) One of the least prosperous provinces in South

Africa is that of Port Elizabeth, where

unemployment has risen to 40 per cent.

E) South Africa has several least developed

provinces, in one of which lies the city of Port

Elizabeth, with a rate of 40 per cent

unemployment.

69. With an economic growth over the past decade of

nearly 50 per cent, Ireland enjoys a level of

prosperity greater than that of Britain.

A) Unlike Britain, Ireland has much prosperity since

it has done its best over the past decade to

achieve an economic growth of 50 per cent.

B) Ireland’s prosperity, which is much higher than

that of Britain, has led to a 50 per cent rate of

economic growth over the past decade.

C) Both Britain and Ireland enjoy a high level of

prosperity, which has resulted from a 50 per cent

rate of economic growth over the last ten years.

D) Ireland’s economic growth over the past decade

has been just 50 per cent, and this has led the

country to a level of prosperity which is

comparable to that of Britain.

E) During the past ten years, Ireland achieved

almost 50 per cent economic growth, which has

enabled it to become more prosperous than

Britain.

70. – 75. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş

bırakılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi bulunuz.

70. Susan:

- Do you know that every year 130 million tonnes

of America’s trash ends up in landfills?

Harry:

- Oh, yes, I certainly do, and more than that.

Susan:

- ----

Harry:

- Well, together all these landfills emit more of

the greenhouse gas methane than any other

human-related source.

A) Is it true that some American building companies

use inorganic refuse such as metals in roadbeds

and heavy construction?

B) Do you mean engineers have developed an

efficient way of dealing with trash?

C) What do you mean exactly? You seem to be

implying something.

D) America produces more trash than any other

country in the world, doesn’t it?

E) Don’t you think such a huge volume of trash can

be processed to produce electricity?

71. John:

- For our investments, we should consider

tourism as a new area.

Edmund:

- Agreed. In fact, tourism has now become the

world’s biggest industry.

John:

- ----

Edmund:

- I certainly think so. Therefore, it is of vital

importance for the economies of many of the

world’s poorest nations.

A) Moreover, travel enriches one’s life. Don’t you

agree?

B) Actually, it fuels economic growth, doesn’t it?

C) Do you believe that travelling broadens our

experience of the world?

D) Furthermore, tourism enables people to explore

other cultures and geographies. Right?

E) Yes, true. Yet, worldwide mobility because of

tourism has its drawbacks. Do you agree?

72. Bill:

- As a firm, we are doing our best for fuel

improvement.

Bob:

- Indeed, we must develop new technologies to

reduce the environmental impact of gasoline

and diesel.

Bill:

- ----

Bob:

- Yes, of course. Also you know we have already

developed an innovative formula designed to

help reduce fuel consumption.

A) Have other firms been investing in long-term

solutions like hydrogen fuel?

B) Can you tell me how we can produce fuels from

lots of different sources in order to meet the

growing demand?

C) Don’t you think the solution is a combination of

cleaner fuels and cleaner engines?

D) How can we produce lead-free and low-sulphur

fuels?

E) Is the burning of coal and gas for lighting,

heating, and cooking one of the causes of local

air pollution?

73. Mary:

- The other day I was reading an interesting

article on “the Black Death.”

Tony:

- You mean the terrible plague that devastated

Europe in the 14th century?

Mary:

- ----

Tony:

- Also throughout villages, towns and cities. As a

result, the population of Europe was cut nearly

in half.

A) Right. I didn’t know that its effects were worst in

confined places like hospitals, prisons, and

monasteries.

B) According to a contemporary account, the city of

Florence lost 96,000 people between March and

October of 1348.

C) European men and women were convinced that

the plague had been sent as a divine

punishment.

D) However, as one learns from the article, the

plague did not last long, but actually began to

dissipate by 1351.

E) I feel that more study must be made of the social

and political impact the plague had on medieval

Europe in general.

74. Malcolm:

- I believe a great deal of research needs to be

made of Martin Luther King and his ideas.

Jacob:

- I fully agree with you, since he was the

preeminent figure in the civil rights movements

started by blacks in the United States during the

1960s.

Malcolm:

- ----

Jacob:

- On the contrary. Fundamentally, he aspired to a

fully integrated nation of all the Americans.

A) Before King, various civil rights groups in

America had started to organize boycotts and

demonstrations to condemn racial discrimination

against blacks in all walks of life.

B) Unfortunately, his inspiring career as a defender

of civil rights in America was tragically ended by

assassination in 1968.

C) In fact, civil rights laws passed under President

Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s did bring

American blacks some measure of equality with

regard to voting rights.

D) Yes, of course. Yet, he’s been accused of

seeking complete independence from white

society.

E) As you know, the civil rights movements of the

1960s in America clearly showed the chasm

between the egalitarian promises of American

democracy and the real inequalities at the core

of American social and political life.

75. Winston:

- What does the term “global village” really

mean?

Stanley:

- Oh, well, it is essentially related to the global

flow of information.

Winston:

- ----

Stanley:

- Alright, I will try. Beginning in the 1990s,

increasingly sophisticated computers have

brought people into instant communication

over the internet with each other across

continents in new cultural and political settings,

and this has had a great impact on the everyday

lives of men and women around the world.

A) In other words, are you suggesting that

advances in electronic technologies have

provided new worldwide platforms and

connections for commercial interests?

B) Do you mean the wide-ranging effects of

information technologies on political struggles

around the globe?

C) Are you saying that electronic systems and

devices designed to create, store and share

information have become more powerful and

accessible?

D) Are you claiming that embattled ethnic minorities

have found worldwide audiences through on-line

campaign sites?

E) What does that exactly mean? Can you be more

specific?

76. – 80. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre

cevaplayınız.

A key feature of globalization has been the

transformation of the world economy, highlighted by

the rapid integration of markets since 1970. In a

series of historic changes, the international

agreements that had regulated the movement of

people, goods, and money since World War II were

overturned. To begin with, the postwar economic

arrangements sealed by various treaties steadily

eroded in the late 1960s, as Western industrial

nations faced a double burden of inflation and

economic stagnation. A crucial shift in monetary

policy occurred in 1971, when the United States

abandoned the postwar gold standard and allowed

the dollar to range freely. As a result, formal

regulations on currencies, international banking, and

lending among states faded away. They were

replaced with an informal network of arrangements

managed autonomously by large private lenders,

their political friends in leading Western states, and

independent financial agencies such as the

International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World

Bank. The economists and administrators who

dominated these new networks steered away from

the interventionist policies that had shaped postwar

planning and recovery. Instead, they relied on a

broad range of market-driven models termed

“neoliberalism.”

76. It is indicated in the passage that the economic

performance in the postwar period ----.

A) totally eliminated the economic stagnation

experienced by Western industrial nations

B) primarily depended on policies formulated by the

International Monetary Fund

C) was mainly based on policies that allowed state

intervention

D) was so good that leading industrial states

remained indifferent to neoliberalism

E) had a positive impact on the development of

international banking

77. As clearly stressed in the passage, the world

economy ----.

A) underwent a process of radical change after

1970, with markets quickly intergrating

B) has never recovered from the adverse effects of

inflation since World War II

C) is now fully managed only by the International

Monetary Fund and the World Bank

D) was affected by globalization for only a relatively

short period after 1970

E) is constantly manipulated by the United States

and other leading Western countries

78. It is clearly pointed out in the passage that the

United States’ decision in 1971 to give up the

postwar gold standard ----.

A) greatly undermined the process of globalization

in the following decades and has since led the

world economy into a serious crisis

B) has been the primary cause of the chronic

inflation and economic stagnation faced by the

rest of the world

C) was essentially inspired by new economic

models based on free-market policies and

neoliberal practices

D) was extremely important, since it overturned

international currency and banking regulations

E) was the natural outcome of the wide range of

economic arrangements made in the postwar

period in the West

79. As can be understood from the passage, the

International Monetary Fund and the World Bank

----.

A) have always been regarded with suspicion by

industrialized Western nations

B) develop policies that give priority to state

intervention in the management of the economy

C) have always introduced new formal regulations

for currencies and international banking

D) recruit only those economists who strongly

support interventionist economic policies

E) are financial bodies that are free from any

intervention by an outside authority

80. It is suggested in the passage that neoliberalism

----.

A) signifies the economic policies that have been

practised by the West since World War II

B) is a term that refers to widely different models of

the market economy

C) has always been disregarded by World Bank

economists and administrators

D) is primarily concerned with the free movement of

people and goods in the world

E) has been more dominant in the United States

than in any of the other industrial nations

81. – 85. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre

cevaplayınız.

During the latter part of 1980, Iraq invaded Iran and

hoped to seize its southern oil fields. Iran

counterattacked. The result was a murderous eightyear

conflict marked by the use of chemical weapons

and human waves of young Iranian radicals fighting

the Soviet-armed Iraqis. The war ended with Iran’s

defeat, but not the collapse of its theocratic regime. In

the short term, their long defence of Iranian

nationalism left the mullahs more entrenched at

home, while abroad they used their oil revenues to

back grass-roots radicalism in Lebanon and militants

elsewhere who engaged in anti-Western terrorism.

Over the years, the strongest threats to the Iranian

regime ultimately have come from within, from a new

generation of young students and workers who have

discovered that their prospects for prosperity and

democratic rights have not changed much since the

days of the shah.

81. According to the passage, the Iranian regime ----.

A) has always been aware of the need to grant to

the people their democratic rights

B) was adversely affected by the war with Iraq and

lost much of its power

C) has introduced radical economic policies to

increase its oil revenues

D) has failed to gain the unanimous support of the

people in the country

E) wholly relies on young radicals in the country,

who are inspired by nationalism

82. It is clear from the passage that Iraq’s invasion of

Iran ----.

A) led to a war, which, in the end, settled the issue

of the southern oil fields

B) was sheer aggression, motivated by an

economic purpose

C) significantly weakened the authority of the

Iranian mullahs

D) was strongly opposed by the Soviet government

of the time

E) provoked Iranian students and workers into antiregime

demonstrations

83. As can be seen from the passage, the war

between Iran and Iraq ----.

A) lasted under a decade and caused a great deal

of bloodshed

B) was actually a war of attrition, with no victory for

either side

C) greatly undermined the prosperity of the Iranian

people

D) made it necessary for the Iranian regime to use

all its oil revenues for weapons

E) was fought on both sides with weapons provided

by the Soviets

84. It is stressed in the passage that, with the money

earned from oil exports, Iran ----.

A) financed a series of projects to strengthen

nationalism among young radicals

B) made huge investments to upgrade the capacity

of its southern oil fields

C) re-armed its army and, thus, was able to resist

the Iraqi invasion

D) carried out economic reforms to improve the

living standards of its people

E) sponsored radical political movements in other

countries

85. According to the passage, some segments of

Iranian society have ultimately become aware of

the fact that ----.

A) the Iran-Iraq war resulted from the Iranian

regime’s failure to cooperate with Iraq

B) the Iranian government is wasting the country’s

oil revenues on unfeasible projects

C) the new Iranian regime has not met their

economic and political expectations

D) the future of the regime in the country

fundamentally depends on young radicals

E) the power of the mullahs in the country is not so

strong as has generally been assumed

86. – 90. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre

cevaplayınız.

Until the late thirteenth century, European maritime

commerce had been divided between a

Mediterranean and a North Atlantic world. Starting

around 1270, however, Italian merchants began to

sail through the Strait of Gibraltar and on to the woolproducing

regions of England and the Netherlands.

This was the essential first step in the extension of

Mediterranean commerce and colonization into the

Atlantic Ocean. The second step was the discovery

by Genoese sailors, during the fourteenth century, of

the Atlantic island chains known as the Canaries and

the Azores. Efforts to colonize the Canary Islands

and to convert and enslave their inhabitants began

almost immediately. But an effective conquest of the

Canary Islands did not begin until the fifteenth

century, when it was undertaken by Portugal and

completed by Spain. The Canaries, in turn, became

the base from which further Portuguese voyages

down the west coast of Africa proceeded. They were

also the “jumping-off point” from which Christopher

Columbus would sail westward across the Atlantic

Ocean in hopes of reaching Asia.

86. It is clear from the passage that the European

discovery and conquest of the Canary Islands in

the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries ----.

A) actually had no commercial and maritime

significance, but became the major cause of

rivalry between Portugal and Spain

B) strategically paved the way for further

explorations along coastal West Africa and

across the Atlantic Ocean

C) could have been prevented if the natives had

been politically united to resist conversion and

colonization

D) caused so much excitement across Europe that

especially Italian merchants were keen to use

the islands as their commercial base

E) had an adverse impact on the Netherlands’

maritime trade with England and other countries

in northern Europe

87. As suggested in the passage, in medieval Europe

before 1270, ----.

A) Spanish and Portuguese sailors had attempted

to explore the west coast of Africa and enslave

the natives

B) only Italian merchants had had the monopoly to

import wool from England and the Netherlands

C) some daring attempts had been made to

conquer and colonize the Canaries and the

Azores

D) there had been two major zones for maritime

trade: the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic

E) there had been continual efforts especially by the

Portuguese to convert West African natives to

Christianity

88. It is asserted in the passage that, in the late

thirteenth century, ----.

A) Italian merchants were first able to carry their

Mediterranean trade into England and the

Netherlands

B) the Strait of Gibraltar gained so much strategic

importance that it became a territorial issue

between Spain and Portugal

C) the Europeans soon realized that there was a

great deal of profit to be made by slave trade

across the Atlantic

D) both England and the Netherlands emerged as

the only major colonizing powers in the North

Atlantic

E) the Italians absolutely dominated the trade in the

Mediterranean and strongly opposed other

nations’ attempts to benefit from it

89. As stated in the passage, the Canary Islands ----.

A) were more densely populated than the Azores,

which played no part in transatlantic trade

B) had already been Christianized before they were

discovered and colonized

C) were not so important as the Azores in the

increase of trade along the West African coast

D) did not interest Christopher Columbus at all in

his voyages across the Atlantic

E) were subjected to colonization soon after they

were discovered by the Genoese

90. As can be inferred from the passage, Christopher

Columbus ----.

A) hoped that his westward voyage across the

Atlantic would ultimately take him to Asia

B) learned much from Genoese sailors about the

locations of the Canaries and the Azores

C) had taken part earlier in Portuguese voyages

down the west coast of Africa

D) paid little attention to the strategic and economic

importance of the Canary Islands

E) always dreamed of completely controlling all the

maritime commerce with Asia

91. – 95. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre

cevaplayınız.

Like nearly all the peoples of the ancient world, the

Romans took slavery for granted. Nothing in Rome’s

earlier experience had prepared it, however, for the

huge increase in slave numbers that resulted from its

western and eastern conquests. In 146 B.C., fifty-five

thousand Carthaginians were enslaved after the

destruction of their city; not long before, one hundred

and fifty thousand Greek prisoners of war had met

the same fate. By the end of the second century B.C.,

there were a million slaves in Italy alone, making

Roman Italy one of the most slave-based economies

known to history. The majority of these slaves worked

as agricultural labourers on the vast estates of the

Roman aristocracy. Some of these estates were the

result of earlier Roman conquests within Italy itself.

But others were constructed by aristocrats buying up

the land holdings of thousands of small farmers who

found themselves unable to compete with the great

estate-owners in producing grain for the market.

91. It is pointed out in the passage that, in ancient

Rome, ----.

A) aristocrats always had the right to determine

grain prices for the market

B) most aristocrats preferred small farmers to

slaves as labourers on their farms

C) the production of grain was solely the

responsibility of large numbers of small farmers

D) it was aristocrats that owned huge amounts of

farming lands

E) aristocrats were so hostile to small farmers that

they drove them off their lands

92. It is suggested in the passage that, in their view

of slavery, the Romans ----.

A) attached a great deal of importance to the

military value of slaves

B) had largely been inspired by the Greeks and

some eastern peoples

C) were not so sophisticated as the other peoples of

the ancient world

D) began to follow a different policy only after they

had enslaved the Carthaginians

E) did not differ much from other ancient peoples

93. It is implied in the passage that the early Romans

----.

A) had no notion of slavery and knew nothing about

it

B) were not interested in farming and, therefore,

imported their grain

C) were so opposed to aristocrats that they

protected small farmers against them

D) had one political goal: to conquer all the other

peoples east and west

E) had always been on friendly terms with all the

peoples of the ancient world

94. It is clear from the passage that, when the

Romans began to extend their conquests, ----.

A) they were seriously resisted by the Greeks, who

had no fear of them

B) their immediate aim was to conquer and enslave

the Carthaginians

C) it led to an enormous increase in the number of

slaves

D) they depended heavily on slaves for their military

campaigns

E) it greatly pleased the Roman aristocracy, since

they were able to own new estates

95. As emphasized in the passage, slaves in ancient

Rome ----.

A) were totally of Greek and Carthaginian origin

B) made up the backbone of the Roman economy

C) formed what the author calls “small farmers”

D) were so great in number that aristocrats were

uneasy about them

E) knew farming so well that they produced grain in

huge amounts

96. – 100. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre

cevaplayınız.

The finest example of Byzantine architecture is the

church of Saint Sophia (Holy Wisdom) in İstanbul,

constructed by the emperor Justinian in the sixth

century. Evidently, its structural design was

something altogether new in the history of

architecture. The central feature of the design was

the application of the dome principle to a building of

square shape. The church was designed in the form

of a cross, with a magnificent dome over its central

square. The main problem for the architects was how

to fit the circumference of the dome to the square

area it was supposed to cover. The solution was to

have four great arches spring from pillars at the four

corners of the square. The rim of the dome was then

made to rest on the keystones of the arches, with the

curved triangular spaces between the arches filled

with masonry. The result was an architectural

framework of marvellous strength, which at the same

time made possible a style of imposing grandeur and

delicacy. The dome itself has a diametre of 107 feet

and rises to a height of nearly 180 feet from the floor.

So many windows are placed around its rim that the

dome appears to have no support at all but to be

suspended in midair.

96. As emphasized in the passage, the design of the

church of Saint Sophia in İstanbul ensured that

----.

A) it would serve as a model for the design of new

churches in the future

B) Emperor Justinian was greatly pleased by its

structure and grandeur

C) the rim of the dome had to have many windows

to let sunlight in

D) the weight of the dome had to be reduced by

four great pillars

E) architecturally its structure was unique and

entirely unprecedented

97. According to the passage, the harmony of the

dome and the square base on which the dome

rested ----.

A) had been a common feature of Byzantine

architecture before Saint Sophia

B) was made possible by the use of four great

arches

C) was never regarded as a crucial issue in the

construction of Saint Sophia

D) was not adequately taken into consideration

during the design of Saint Sophia

E) has always been a major problem throughout the

history of architecture

98. It is claimed in the passage that Byzantine

architecture ----.

A) was still in its early stage during the reign of

Emperor Justinian

B) began to improve and further develop after the

construction of Saint Sophia

C) was greatly influenced by the architecture that

preceded the sixth century

D) is best represented and exemplified by the

church of Saint Sophia

E) always made use of masonry in the construction

of buildings with grandeur

99. As suggested in the passage, the perfect

combination of the dome and the arches in Saint

Sophia ----.

A) seemed to the architects to be precarious since

the dome, with a diametre of 107 feet, was of an

immense size and weight

B) was somewhat spoiled by the curved triangular

spaces that could be seen between the arches

C) gave it not only amazing strength but also

impressive magnificence and gracefulness

D) enabled the architects to design and construct

the whole structure in the form of a cross

E) gave the architects themselves the impression

that the dome was suspended in midair, with no

support whatsoever

100. It is clear that the passage ----.

A) is a concise description of Saint Sophia’s

architectural features and overall excellence

B) mainly focuses on the distinctive aspects of

Byzantine architecture in the sixth century

C) gives a detailed account of Emperor Justinian’s

support for the construction of Saint Sophia

D) discusses how Byzantine architects came to use

the dome as a major structural element

E) explains the reasons why Saint Sophia was

designed in the form of a cross

1. A

2. C

3. E

4. B

5. D

6. A

7. B

8. E

9. D

10. C

11. D

12. C

13. E

14. A

15. B

16. B

17. A

18. C

19. D

20. E

21. A

22. E

23. D

24. B

25. C

26. B

27. D

28. C

29. E

30. A

31. B

32. C

33. A

34. D

35. E

36. B

37. A

38. D

39. E

40. C

41. B

42. A

43. E

44. D

45. C

46. D

47. E

48. A

49. C

50. B

51. D

52. B

53. E

54. C

55. A

56. C

57. A

58. C

59. D

60. B

61. D

62. E

63. C

64. A

65. B

66. D

67. B

68. A

69. E

70. C

71. B

72. C

73. A

74. D

75. E

76. C

77. A

78. D

79. E

80. B

81. D

82. B

83. A

84. E

85. C

86. B

87. D

88. A

89. E

90. A

91. D

92. E

93. A

94. C

95. B

96. E

97. B

98. D

99. C

100. A

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